MOSONYI MIHÁLY: TRANSCRIPTIONS
AND MARCHES FOR PIANO
Akkord A-1047
Budapest, 2003
EPILOGUE
Biography:
The native village of Mihály Mosonyi,
Boldogasszony (Frauenkirchen in German) was already a well-known place of
pilgrimage in the 14th century; since 1921 it has belonged to the Austrian
Burgenland.[1]
The composer was born on 4 September 1815 and baptised Michael Brand after
his German-speaking grandfather and father.[2]
As the fourth child of a poor village furrier, he soon had to earn a living. At
the age of fourteen he was already sacristan at Magyaróvár. A few years later
he enrolled at the teachers’ training college of Pozsony (now Bratislava,
Slovakia). At the age of twenty he obtained a job as a tutor to the children of
Count Péter Pejachevich and his wife, Countess Franciska Esterházy at
Rétfalu near Eszék (Osijek, Croatia) in Slavonia. There he laid the foundation
of his later independent existence and improved on his musical skills through
zealous self-education. In 1842 he moved to Pest[3]
where he lived as a music teacher for the rest of his life. He got married at
the age of thirty-one. As a member of the National Guard, he took part in the
1848–49 Independence War. His wife died in 1851. His personal bereavement and
the nation’s tragedy caused a crisis both in his life and creative work.
In his first stylistic period (1837–49) his musical idiom inherited from
Beethoven and Schubert was gradually penetrated with elements of German
romanticism. His good sense of proportion and form-creating skills manifested
already in his very first works. In this period he wrote three masses, two
symphonies, an overture, a piano concerto, a sonata for piano duet, a string
sextet, seven string quartets, two piano trios, several choruses and
arrangements. At the time of his moving to Pest, Hungarian elements appeared
sheldom in his music. In his second stylistic period (1853–57) his music became
increasingly individual and modern, enriched with Schumannian features. His
fourth mass, a dozen of songs, some choruses and works for piano as well as
arrangements date from this period. His personal acquaintance with Liszt, the failure
of his romantic German opera (Kaiser Max auf der Martinswand) and the
success of his Hungarian fantasia for piano with the title Pusztai élet
(Puszta Life) all led to another change of his style.[4]
The Hungarian music of the time was based on the
verbunkos. This style roots in the so-called Werbung, the
recruiting of soldiers with music as practised during the reign of Maria
Theresia. Apart from György Antal Csermák (1774[?]–1822), the early verbunkos
masters had no command of music theory. They were virtuoso violinists of
exceptional abilities with a natural genius for shaping melodies and
improvisation like János Bihari (1764–1827) and János Lavotta (1764–1820).
After the death of the trained musicians Márk Rózsavölgyi (1789–1848) and Béni
Egressy (1814–1851) the verbunkos as a genre had no outstanding
figures. Although the general Hungarian musical idiom had developed, it had no
musically trained, committed representatives ready to renew it. Then in 1857
Michael Brand, a German composer of Pest achieved overwhelming success with his
verbunkos fantasia entitled Puszta Life.[5]
His change of style was a conscious decision. In 1859, after a year of
preparation he appeared with a new name on the scene as Mihály Mosonyi,
Hungarian composer and writer on music. He composed his two Hungarian operas (Szép
Ilonka [Pretty Helen] 1861, Álmos 1862), his fifth mass, three
cantatas and four symphonic poems. Numerous songs, sacred and secular choruses,
piano pieces and arrangements of lasting value date from this period.[6]
Mosonyi’s work as a writer on music, moreover, as a general educator of
the public unfolded in Zenészeti Lapok, the first significant music
journal in Hungarian language. Almost all his compositions included in the
present edition appeared there. Its editor-in-chief and owner was Kornél
Ábrányi sen. (1822–1903), a writer on music, composer, pianist and
teacher. He was assisted by the editorial board: the music publisher Gyula
Rózsavölgyi (1822–1861) and the music historian, critic,
ethnomusicologist, teacher and writer István Bartalus (1821–1899). Mosonyi,
the third member of the editorial board was the most versatile as far as genres
are concerned since he wrote leading articles, feuilletons, essays on music
policy, analysis, critics and reviews. To make up for the missing Hungarian
music education network, he started a stepwise progressing series of lessons in
harmony. In addition, he published for pedagogical purposes some of the young
composers’ first attempts at composition sent to the editorial office both in
their original and corrected versions, and arranged the ones meriting his
attention in his own works as well. He participated in the editorial work of
the review with unbroken zeal from its foundation on 3 October 1860 to 1866.[7]
In February 1870 a conference to discuss the matter of the planned
Academy of Music in Pest was convened to which Mosonyi was also invited.
However, he did not live to see the opening of the Academy on 14 November 1875 although he could have become a pillar
of this music institution. He died of pneumonia at the age of fifty-six on 31
October 1870.[8]
The
Description of the Works. The album leaf entitled Leopold
Komáromy’s Invitation Card was written in 1860. This piece is an excellent
proof of Mosonyi’s sense of humour and exceptional musical skills. The work has
no key in the traditional sense of the word: it is constructed according to a
kind of romantic “atonality” in strict four-part texture on a special bass
progression. If one reads together the bass notes with the letters Mosonyi
wrote in (though not everywhere), the humorous German text of the invitation to
a party can be read (see in the German text). The manuscript has neither tempo
nor character markings; nevertheless, they are defined by the fanfare opening
which evokes the Grand Galop chromatique (1838) by Ferenc Liszt (1811–1886).
In bar 7 even the Rákóczi motive crops up – diabolus in musica – in
tritone relationship with the fanfare (b–f).[9]
The National Széchényi Library acquired the manuscript of this short occasional
work in 1959[10];
the piece is first printed in the present edition.
The piano arrangement of Egressy’s Appeal
has not been kept in evidence by musicology so far. It was published in Zenészeti
Lapok (I/16, 16 January 1861, 125–126) as an illustration to the composer’s
lessons in harmony. Mosonyi transposed the D major key of the original chorus
to E flat major, simplified the piano writing and made it thereby more solemn.
He turned bar 19 into an interrupted cadence changing thereby the closing of
the work. The Appeal, a poem by Mihály Vörösmarty (1800–1855)
was set to music in 1843 by Béni Egressy (1814–1851, a composer, actor,
tenorist, translator, and the most successful Hungarian librettist to this
day), and has been one of the musical prayers of the Hungarian nation ever
since.[11]
The melody of The Old Rákóczy Song
appeared in Zenészeti Lapok (II/17, 23 January 1862, 130) as a
supplement to the writing of László Hajdu (1817[8?]–1880), solicitor of
Túrkeve. Hajdu’s writing was the most interesting contribution to the debate
about the identity of the unknown composer of the Rákóczi March. He
argued persuasively that the most probable source of the melody of the Rákóczi
March was the so-called Transylvanian Rákóczi Song. Hajdu noted down
one of its forms while still a law student in Debrecen (1832–37), as played by
the Gypsy clarinettist Mihály Boka but omitted the superfluous ornaments
deriving from the improvisational manner of performance. Mosonyi must have been
very much interested in this publication because he harmonised the melody unchanged, adding merely some trills, the missing
repeat signs and the da capo marking. This harmonised version was not
printed in Zenészeti Lapok. In 1976 the National Széchényi Library got
into possession of the autograph manuscript dated 27 September 1863[12].
It is printed here for the first time.
The Herdman’s Song[13]
was published in the 30 October 1862 issue of Zenészeti Lapok (III/5,
33–34). The two melodies underlying the composition were sent in to the editors
by László Hajdu again explicitly with the aim of having them harmonised by
Mosonyi who readily complied with Hajdu’s request. Mosonyi made the melody
livelier and strove for simple and at the same time modern, original harmonies
corresponding to the taste of the time. Simplicity is the very feature that
turns Mosonyi’s miniature to a modern piece, the forerunner of certain
20th-century folksong arrangements. The score does not contain voice parts (and
can therefore be included among the piano pieces in the catalogue of his works),
and the words of the songs were printed after the music. The opening
lines run as: “For slow. / I do
not mind that I was born a peasant / For I could become a herdsman, […] &c.
/ For fast. / My sweetheart is the
innkeeper’s daughter / No gold or silver mine is worth as much as her. […]
&c.” The “friss” (fast) melody can be found in the collection of
examples (No. 298) edited by Lajos Vargyas to Zoltán Kodály’s publication
entitled The Hungarian Folk Music. The opening words of the first
strophe are: „I have no dearer guest”. As regards the 2nd–5th strophes,
Kodály made reference to the play entitled Csikós (Horse-herder) which
was first performed at the National Theatre on 23 January 1847, its text was
written by Ede Szigligeti (1814–1878), the compiler of the incidental
music was József Szerdahelyi (1804–1851). The fifth interpolated item of
the play is the song of the protagonist Andris which agrees musically
with the melody published by Kodály and with the fast section of
Mosonyi’s Gujásnóta. As a matter of fact, the text of the
interpolated song shows similarity with the words of the slow section of
Gujásnóta, not the fast one. This example demonstrates that the words of the
folk songs and popular melodies alternated and changed freely in use.[14]
The Sacrificial March from the Opera Álmos was published in
December 1862 by Rózsavölgyi és Társa[15].
This arrangement retains little from the loftiness and the majesty of the
twenty-third scene of the third act: once performed, care should be taken to
bring them into relief. Although Mosonyi completed the score of Álmos on
4 October 1862, the first performance of the work was given in 1934 only. This
opera is the most precious romantic representation in music of the Hungarian
Conquest.[16]
The Rákóczy March[17]
appeared in Zenészeti Lapok in two parts: the Marcia on 22
January 1863 (III/17, 129–130), the Trio on 29 January (III/18,
139–140). László Hajdu argued in a lengthy article that the composer of the Rákóczi
march must have been János Bihari and not the military band master
Miklós Scholl (1778–1822) under whose name the march was first printed
around 1820. He further expounded that the asymmetry of the periods of the
Rákóczi march resulted from Bihari’s improvisatory performance and the German
notator’s inexperience in the style. With the help of the music of the Transylvanian
Rákóczi song, Hajdu constructed a march melody of regular musical periods
consisting of eight bars each. Mosonyi was fascinated by the boldness of the
idea: he harmonised Hajdu’s melody, suggesting changes in the melody in two
places only. This excellent arrangement did not find a wide distribution,
because it did not appear in music trade as printed music. It is perhaps due to
the fact that in 1863 either the censor did not authorized its publication or
the publisher was unwilling to print it.
The Banderium March was printed in August 1867 also by
Rózsavölgyi és Társa. On its cover an engraving can be found depicting a
cavalry trooper holding a flag in his hand. The Italian word bandiera means
flag; by extension, banderium stands for a troop of people fighting
under the same flag. A Hungarian nobleman who could set up a cavalry troop of
more than fifty soldiers at the insurrection of the nobility was entitled to go
to war under his own flag. The last Hungarian insurrection of the nobility was
in 1809. In Mosonyi’s time banderium was the name of cavalry troops in a
civilian or military parade. Mosonyi composed the Banderium March for
the third National Chorus Festival organized in Arad (Oradea in Romania since
1920) between 9 and 13 August 1867[18].
The March of Colonel Hertelendy at Ulm (1805) was printed in 1869
by Rózsavölgyi. The march was written for male voices with piano accompaniment,
whereas its trio was composed for piano. The work is the arrangement of
Mosonyi’s own composition with orchestra[19],
its piano part seem to be an effective piece for performance separately as
well. Gábor Hertelendy (1742–1826) who came from a family of the lesser
nobility had a splendid military career rising from infantryman to lieutenant
general.[20]
When capturing Ulm on 20 October 1805, Napoleon defeated the Austrian general
Mack[21]
and took about twenty-five thousand prisoners of war. However, colonel
Hertelendy and the Palatinus hussars under his command managed to break through
the French lines. The march immortalised this feat of arms, condensing the
brave commander’s encouraging words to his soldiers to rhymed dactylic lines
(see the Hungarian description of works). While the melody of the march is not
Mosonyi’s own, the trio is his invention, with several borrowed motives from
the Rákóczy song. The music was dedicated to “His Lordship Count Pál
Festetits, president of the music lovers’ association of Pest”. Mosonyi
shouldered the duties of conductor of the association for a short while but as
soon as he found a suitable successor to the post in the person of the
Kapellmeister, composer and pianist Károly Thern (1817–1886), he immediately
renounced it[22].
The Folksong arrangements[23]
belong to Mosonyi’s large-scale transcriptions of which he published four in
the course of 1860–61. The question arises whether it is justified to call the
themes of these pieces folksongs. According to the 1954 statement of the
International Folk Music Council it is completely grounded to use this
title[24].
All melodies were printed in 1851 in a composite volume entitled 100
Hungarian Folksongs collected by Mihály Füredi and provided with piano
accompaniment by Ignác Bognár (Nos. 53, 55; 45, 65; 10, 14, 21; 15, 70,
and 104). Füredi was, however, the notator and not the composer of these
melodies which meets the first criterion of folk music, i.e. oral
transmission. As a matter of fact, Füredi published the most popular tunes
of his time; they were became popular by the people in the first place (and not
by Füredi). This satisfies the second criterion of folk music, i.e. selection.
The seventh and ninth melodies first emerged in the incidental music to the
comedy Tündérlak Magyarhonban (Fairy Castle in Hungary) by Johann
Baptist Hirschfeld and Zsigmond Szentpétery back in 1829. Once
again József Szerdahelyi was the compiler, not the composer of the music,
meeting thereby the third criterion of folk music: continuity. Since
these tunes survive in several notated and printed text and melodic variants,
the fourth criterion is also fulfilled, i.e. variation.[25]
The Two Folksongs (the First Rhapsody in G minor) appeared as the
first musical supplement to the 5 December 1860 issue (I/6) of Zenészeti
Lapok (dated erroneously 5 November). The music was printed by the music
publisher Rózsavölgyi. Mosonyi’s letter on pp. 71–72 of the review reveals that
on selecting the songs for arrangement the composer was striving for powerful
musical contrast. As a piano teacher he regarded it as his duty that the piece
should not be too difficult technically. The grade of difficulty of the
subsequent arrangements increases continuously: it is as if they were written
as a continuation of the cycle Studies for Piano for the Development in the
Performance of Hungarian Music. These pieces are, however, the composer’s
par excellence studies by which Mosonyi wanted to illustrate how folksongs
could be use of as thematic material to build different forms. The title Folksong
may perhaps be pedagogic or illustrative, but not very typical. The editor
of the present volume holds the view that these pieces clearly meet the
requirements of rhapsody both with regard to form and technique and has
therefore designated them so with pardonable arbitrariness for the sake of
easier distinction. The opening lines of the two songs arranged in the G minor
Rhapsody are as follows: 1. “The corps has been put out into the yard,” 2.
“I am going to be a field-guard in the summer.”
The Two Folksongs (the Second Rhapsody in
F minor) appeared as the second supplement to Zenészeti Lapok (I/26, 27
March 1861.). Their opening lines run as: 1. “Under the heaven, above the
earth / No man is as lonely as I am.” 2. “From now on I do not mind, /
What the world does cry.”
The Three Folksongs (the Third Rhapsody in A minor) appeared as
the supplement No 3 to Zenészeti Lapok (I/40, 3 July 1861.). Their
opening lines read: 1. “The weather is sad and so am I.” 2. “My
mother keeps saying: / I should not get married so early.” 3. “Look into
my eyes, sweetheart, / What do you read in them?”
The Three Folksongs (the Fourth Rhapsody in D minor) appeared as
the fourth supplement to Zenészeti Lapok (I/53, 3 October 1861.). The
words of the songs run as: 1. “I close my sad heart.” 2. “Mary, my
Mary, I so much love your eyes.” 3. “My father was a well-to-do farmer,
/ Who really left me a lot; / The tether of six oxen, / And the handle of a
pitchfork.”
New Year Present – Six Hungarian Melodies by Gáspár Bernát[26] appeared as an
unnumbered supplement to Zenészeti Lapok (II/14, 2 January 1862.). Its
inclusion was announced by a text printed in bold letters on the last page of
the issue: “Enclosed to the present issue you find a Hungarian musical
composition by Mihály Mosonyi”. Hence
the title of the arrangement: it was sent to the subscribers as a present with
the first issue of the new year.[27]
Gáspár [Jasper] Bernát (1810–1873) was a lawyer who gave himself up to
literature: his strange sketches of absurd humour – the so-called Jasperianism
after his first name – earned him wide popularity all over the
country. His six short piano pieces entitled Alföldi csárdások (Csárdás
of the Plane) were printed around 1840 by Friedrich August Walzel, a
lithographer resident in Pest. Unfortunately, the outer sheet of the only
surviving copy with the last, sixth piece on it is missing. Nevertheless,
Mosonyi’s arrangement method can be analysed. He turned the key order C–C–C–a–C–(C?) into a more exciting one:
C–G–C–a–C–F and extended the simple forms by extremely novel, witty codas. He
transformed the sometimes too laboured accompaniment to make it more
transparent but he hardly modified the melodic lines. He enriched the ornaments
to a certain extent and lent variety to the second half of melodies given
consistently with repeat signs by writing occasionally a double. Given
the case that the original cycle was far above the average musical literature
of the time, Mosonyi’s arrangement even enhanced its advantages considerably
and turned it into a brilliant podium item. The work is dedicated to the
Hungarian music-playing youth.
The Hungarian Music after the Csardas “Souvenirs from Galgócz” by
János Palotási[28]
was printed as the fifth supplement to Zenészeti Lapok (II/31, 1 May
1862.). János Pecsenyánszky (1821–1878) was a lawyer, notary and county
archivist of Polish descent in Jászság, Hungary. His csárdás compositions
spread and gained popularity through the Gypsy band of the leader Ferkó
Patikárius (1827–1870). From 1859 on Pecsenyánszky published his dance
pieces under the pseudonym Palotási. On 13 February 1861 Mihály Mosonyi
published an open letter to him in Zenészeti Lapok asking him, among
others, for permission to arrange his works which Palotási willingly acceded to[29].
Mosonyi selected the csárdás Souvenir of Galgócz which was first printed
by József Treichlinger of Pest in 1853 under the plate number J.T.268 as
a work by Károly Patikárius (?–1858)[30].
It had a simple form: ABBCDCD (slow), ABBABCDDCDEFFEFABB (fast). Mosonyi
followed the same procedure as in the case of New Year Present: he did
not change the sequence of the thematic material, nor did he modify the order
of the key in this instance. On the other hand, he lent the form
peculiarity by interpolating reprises
and extended the simple dance form to create a romantic sonata movement from.[31]
The Free Ideas by Ignácz Frank of Szabad[32]
were printed by the Rózsavölgyi Company under the plate number G. N. 1032
late in the autumn of 1864. Ignác Frank (1825–?) studied simultaneously
engineering and music in Vienna. In the 1848–49 Hungarian Independence War he
fought as a second-lieutenant from beginning to end. After the defeat, he ran
his father’s restaurant in Pápa and taught music theory to students of the
local college and to Gypsy musicians. In 1863 he made a tour of Hungary with a
new stringed harmonium by a Stuttgart instrument maker, then settled in Pest as
a wine merchant. He hired the famous Komlókert restaurant and offered
prizes for encouraging musical activities. In 1871 he opened the Grand café
delicatesse[33]
but soon went bankrupt; he finished
his life which was like a romance at the monastery of Máriabesnyõ. He was one
of the most popular csárdás composers of the 19th century whose works are still
regularly performed. Not only Liszt and Brahms made arrangements of his dances
but Jules Massenet and Jenõ Hubay, founder of the Hungarian violin
school as well. The composition Free Ideas is dedicated to Carl Tausig
(1841–1871), Liszt’s favourite pupil whom Mosonyi handed over a laurel wreath
as a token of his respect after his farewell concert given at the great hall of
Európa Hotel of Pest on 3 April 1864[34].
The present edition
contains all known and available piano arrangements by Mosonyi[35]
except for his two large-scale opera transcriptions[36].
The performing
problems of the verbunkos style are treated in detail in the epilogue to the
new edition of Mosonyi’s Studies for Piano for Development in the
Performance of Hungarian Music (Budapest, 1996).
In the present edition the editor’s additions are distinguished by grey colour. The critical notes can be found after
the English translation.
I owe acknowledgements to the Music
Collection of National Széchényi Library, Budapest for rendering
available the two autograph manuscripts to the publisher. My acknowledgements
are also due to the Liszt Ferenc Academy of
Music, Research Library for Music History (Budapest) that provided me
with the photocopy of the first edition of the works published here.
I offer thanks to all my collaborators for their generous work with
which they made the edition possible. Finally I extend my gratitude to all
those who supported the publication with their financial contribution.
István Kassai
Budapest, Advent
1999.
Translated by
Erzsébet Mészáros
IRODALOM – LITERATUR – LITERATURE
Ábrányi K., id. (1872):
Mosonyi Mihály élet és jellemrajza. Corvina. Pest.
Bónis F. (1960):
Mosonyi Mihály. Gondolat. Budapest.
Bónis F. (1961): Mosonyi Mihály
magyar operái. In: Szabolcsi B., Bartha
D. (szerk.):Zenetudományi tanulmányok az opera történetéből. Akadémiai Kiadó.
Budapest. Vol. 9.
Bónis F. (1962): Die
ungarishen Opern Mihály Mosonyis. In: Studia musicologica. Tom. II.
Bónis F. (1989a): Mosonyiana
I–III. In: Magyar Zene 2.
Bónis F. (1989b): Mosonyiana
IV. In: Magyar Zene 3.
Bónis F. (1989c): Mosonyiana
V. In: Magyar Zene 4.
Bónis F. (1995): Mosonyiana
II [VI]. In: Magyar Zene 1.
Bónis F. (2000a): Mosonyi
Mihály. Magyar zeneszerzők. Mágus. Budapest. Vol. 10.
Bónis F. (2000b): Mozarttól
Bartókig. Püski. Budapest.
Bónis F. (2001): Mihály
Mosonyi. In: The New Grove’s Dictionary of Music and Musicians.
Macmillan. London. Vol. 17.
Bónis F. (2002): Mihály
Mosonyi. Hungarian Composers. Mágus. Budapest. Vol. 10.
Gmasz, P., Gmasz, S. (o. J.):
Chronik Stadtgemeinde Frauenkirchen. Frauenkirchen.
Gollowitzer, M. (1973):
Adatok Mosonyi Mihály családjának történetéhez. In: Bónis F. (szerk.): Magyar
zenetörténeti tanulmányok Mosonyi Mihály és Bartók Béla emlékére. Zeneműkiadó.
Budapest.
Hoffer, P. P. (1961): Mihály
Mosonyi. In: Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Bärenreiter. Kassel. Vol.
9.
Káldor J. (1936): Michael
Mosonyi. (Phil. Diss.). Dittert. Dresden.
Kassai I. (2001): Adalékok a
Mosonyi-kutatáshoz. In: Bónis F. (szerk.): Magyar zenetörténeti tanulmányok Erkel
Ferencről, Kodály Zoltánról és korukról. Püski. Budapest.
Kassai I. (2003):
Utóhang/Nachwort/Epilogue. In: Mosonyi Mihály: Transcriptions for Piano. Kassai
István (Private edition, distributed by Akkord. A-1047). Budapest.
Kassai I. (2005): Három
dallamtörténeti adalék. In: Bónis F. (szerk.): Magyar zenetörténeti tanulmányok
a nemzeti romantika világából. Püski. Budapest.
Legány D. (1994a): Mihály
Mosonyi Symphony &
Piano Concerto. Naxos Marco Polo. 8223539. CD notes.
Legány D. (1994b): Mihály
Mosonyi Piano Works. Vol. 1. Naxos Marco Polo. 8223557. CD notes.
Legány D. (1994c): Mihály
Mosonyi Piano Works. Vol. 2. Naxos Marco Polo. 8223558. CD notes.
Legány D. (1994d): Mihály
Mosonyi Piano Works. Vol. 3. Naxos Marco Polo. 8223559. CD notes.
Legány D. (1998a): Mihály
Mosonyi Piano Works. Vol. 4. Naxos Marco Polo. 8223560. CD notes.
Legány D. (1998b): Mihály
Mosonyi Piano Works. Vol. 5. Naxos Marco Polo. 8225022. CD notes.
Legány D. (1999): Mihály
Mosonyi Piano Trios. Naxos Marco Polo. 8225042. CD notes.
Mona I. (1989): Magyar
zeneműkiadók és tevékenységük 1774–1867. MTA Zenetudományi Intézet. Budapest.
Nagy I. (1859): Magyarország
családai. Ráth Mór. Pest. Tom. V.
Nagy I. (1862): Magyarország
családai. Ráth Mór. Pest. Tom. IX.
Ságh J. (1879): Magyar
zenészeti lexikon. A szerző kiadása. Pest.
Sárosi B. (1997): Meddig
terjed a népies dal határa. In. Bónis F. (szerk.): Kodály emlékkönyv 1997.
Püski. Budapest.
[1] Gmasz, P., Gmasz, S., pp. 14–15. Literature in English see Bónis (2001 & 2002).
[2] Gollowitzer, M., pp. 53–62.
[3] Bónis, F. (1989a), pp. 170–171.
[4] Bónis, F. (1960), pp. 29–72.
[5] Bónis, F. (1960), pp. 62–72.
[6] Bónis, F. (1960), pp. 77–264.
[7] Bónis, F. (1960), pp. 142–162.
[8] Bónis, F. (1960), pp. 254–264.
[9] Legány, D. (1998a), p. 4.
[10] Bónis, F. (1989a), p. 169. Shelf mark: Ms mus 3483.
[11] Kassai (2001), pp. 101–102.
[12] Bónis, F. (1989a), p. 169. Shelf mark: Ms mus 6126.
[13] Bónis, F. (1960), p. 276.
[14] Kassai (2001), pp. 102–103.
[15] Bónis, F. (1989a), p. 169. Mona, I., item 1687.
[16] Bónis, F. (1960), pp. 197–215.
[17] Bónis, F. (1960), p. 277.
[18] Ferenc Bónis’ information. Mona, I., item 2235.
[19] Bónis, F. (1960), p. 252.
[20] Nagy, I. (1859), pp. 106–107.
[21] Legány, D. (1998a), p. 4.
[22] Bónis, F. (1960), pp. 250–252.
[23] Bónis, F. (1960), pp. 157–159. Mona, I., item 1472, 1522, 1523, 1552, 2980, 2981.
[24] Sárosi, B., pp. 125–132. P. 131 7th note: «“Folk music is the product of musical tradition that has been evolved through the process of oral tansmission. The factors that shape the tradition are: (i) continuity which links the present with the past; (ii) variation which springs from the creative impulse of the individual or the group; and (iii) selection by the community, which determines the form or forms in which the music survives.” From the material of the 1952 conference held in London (Journal of the IFMC. Vol. V). Cited by Maud Karpeles, “The Distinction Between Folk and Popular Music”. Journal of the IFMC. Vol. XX (1968), p. 9.»
[25] Kassai (2001), pp. 99–101.
[26] Bónis, F. (1960), p. 196. Mona, I., item 1593.
[27] Kassai (2001), pp. 102.
[28] Bónis, F. (1960), p. 198. Mona. I., item 1615.
[29] Ferenc Bónis’ information.
[30] Mona, I., item 668, plate number J.T.268.
[31] Kassai (2001), pp. 103.
[32] Mona, I., item 1907.
[33] Ságh, J.
[34] Bónis, F. (1960), p. 226.
[35] For the complete list of works see F. Bónis (2000a), pp. 20–30.
[36] Mosonyi, M. (1861): Szép Ilonka, 57 pages, plate number: G.N. 721., Rózsavölgyi, Pest, a considerably shortened arrangement; Doppler F., Mosonyi M. (1848): Beniowsky, 103 pages, plate number: J. T. 157., Treichlinger. Pest.